The useful parts of green tea are the leaf bud, leaf, and stem. Green tea is not fermented and is produced by steaming fresh leaves at high temperatures.This solution will comprise of detailed step- by- step analysis of the given problem. Send a $2. 0 Amazon e- gift card to pay@express- helpline. Recipient email: pay@express- helpline. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() You will be able to specify the question on the gift card page Enter your email address and question in the . You will get file within minutes. We apologize for the inconvenience, if you are not satisfied you can use the credit for another question in future. Enter your email address in . Its a common error! ![]() ![]() FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses. Naproxen is a proprionic acid derivative related to the arylacetic acid group of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs. The chemical name for Naproxen is 2- naphthaleneacetic acid (s) 6- methoxy- a- methyl. It has the following structure: C1. H1. 4O3 M. W. 2. 30. Naproxen has a molecular weight of 2. C1. 4H1. 4O3. Naproxen USP is an odorless, white to off- white crystalline substance powder. It is lipid- soluble, practically insoluble in water, soluable in alcohol and in methanol at low p. TestoFuel contains a higher dose of DAA (2300mg), making it a more potent muscle builder and ideal for younger guys in their 20 Fatigue in early pregnancy is very normal. Many changes are occurring as the new pregnancy develops, and women experience. H and freely soluble in water at high p. H. The octanol/water partition coefficient of Naproxen at p. H 7. 4 is 1. 6 to 1. Naproxen Oral Suspension USP for oral administration contains 1. ![]() Your personal information and card details are 100% secure. Have one or two copies of the MTHFR C677T mutation? After working with 1000 Clinical Studies General Information. Naproxen has been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. Frequent urination is a medical condition in which a person has the urge to pass urine after very small intervals and the urine passed may be normal, scanty (Oliguria. Particularly when being underweight is caused by illness or deliberate food restriction, people who are thin are likely to have a low muscle mass. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as. Since November 1994, Scambusters.org has helped over eleven million people protect themselves from scams. Scambusters is committed to helping you avoid getting. Naproxen USP per 5 m. L and the following inactive ingredients: FD& C Yellow #6, fumaric acid, imitation orange flavor, imitation pineapple flavor, magnesium aluminum silicate, methylparaben, purified water, sodium chloride, sorbitol solution and sucrose. It has a sodium content of 3. L, 1. 7. 1 m. Eq/5 m. L, with a p. H range of 2. ![]() Naproxen has analgesic, anti- inflammatory and antipyretic properties. The mechanism of action of Naproxen, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX- 1 and COX- 2). Naproxen is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Naproxen concentrations reached during therapy have produced in vivo effects. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. Because Naproxen is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues. Naproxen is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with an in vivo bioavailability of 9. The elimination half- life of Naproxen ranges from 1. Steady- state levels of Naproxen are reached in 4 to 5 days, and the degree of Naproxen accumulation is consistent with this half- life. Peak plasma levels of Naproxen given as Naproxen suspension are attained in 1 to 4 hours. When Naproxen suspension and immediate release Naproxen tablets were given to fasted subjects (n=1. Naproxen has a volume of distribution of 0. L/kg. At therapeutic levels Naproxen is greater than 9. At doses of Naproxen greater than 5. Css 3. 6. 5 mg/L, 4. L and 5. 6. 4 mg/L with 5. Naproxen, respectively). The Naproxen anion has been found in the milk of lactating women at a concentration equivalent to approximately 1% of maximum Naproxen concentration in plasma (see PRECAUTIONS: Nursing Mothers). Naproxen is extensively metabolized in the liver to 6- 0- desmethyl Naproxen, and both parent and metabolites do not induce metabolizing enzymes. Both Naproxen and 6- 0- desmethyl Naproxen are further metabolized to their respective acylglucuronide conjugated metabolites. The clearance of Naproxen is 0. L/min/kg. Approximately 9. Naproxen from any dose is excreted in the urine, primarily as Naproxen (< 1%), 6- 0- desmethyl Naproxen (< 1%) or their conjugates (6. The plasma half- life of the Naproxen anion in humans ranges from 1. The corresponding half- lives of both Naproxen’s metabolites and conjugates are shorter than 1. Naproxen disappearance from the plasma. Small amounts, 3% or less of the administered dose, are excreted in the feces. In patients with renal failure metabolites may accumulate (see WARNINGS: Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia). In pediatric patients aged 5 to 1. Naproxen levels following a 5 mg/kg single dose of Naproxen suspension (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) were found to be similar to those found in normal adults following a 5. The terminal half- life appears to be similar in pediatric and adult patients. Pharmacokinetic studies of Naproxen were not performed in pediatric patients younger than 5 years of age. Pharmacokinetic parameters appear to be similar following administration of Naproxen suspension or tablets in pediatric patients. Studies indicate that although total plasma concentration of Naproxen is unchanged, the unbound plasma fraction of Naproxen is increased in the elderly, although the unbound fraction is < 1% of the total Naproxen concentration. Unbound trough Naproxen concentrations in elderly subjects have been reported to range from 0. Naproxen concentration, compared with 0. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear, although it is possible that the increase in free Naproxen concentration could be associated with an increase in the rate of adverse events per a given dosage in some elderly patients. Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied. Naproxen pharmacokinetics has not been determined in subjects with hepatic insufficiency. Chronic alcoholic liver disease and probably other diseases with decreased or abnormal plasma proteins (albumin) reduce the total plasma concentration of Naproxen, but the plasma concentration of unbound Naproxen is increased. Caution is advised when high doses are required and some adjustment of dosage may be required in these patients. It is prudent to use the lowest effective dose. Naproxen pharmacokinetics has not been determined in subjects with renal insufficiency. Given that Naproxen, its metabolites and conjugates are primarily excreted by the kidney, the potential exists for Naproxen metabolites to accumulate in the presence of renal insufficiency. Elimination of Naproxen is decreased in patients with severe renal impairment. Naproxen- containing products are not recommended for use in patients with moderate to severe and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 3. L/min) (see WARNINGS: Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia). When NSAIDs were administered with aspirin, the protein binding of NSAIDs were reduced, although the clearance of free NSAID was not altered. The clinical significance of this interaction is not known. See Table 1 for clinically significant drug interactions of NSAIDs with aspirin (see. PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions). Naproxen has been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendonitis and bursitis, and acute gout. Improvement in patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis was demonstrated by a reduction in joint swelling, a reduction in duration of morning stiffness, a reduction in disease activity as assessed by both the investigator and patient, and by increased mobility as demonstrated by a reduction in walking time. Generally, response to Naproxen has not been found to be dependent on age, sex, severity or duration of rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with osteoarthritis, the therapeutic action of Naproxen has been shown by a reduction in joint pain or tenderness, an increase in range of motion in knee joints, increased mobility as demonstrated by a reduction in walking time, and improvement in capacity to perform activities of daily living impaired by the disease. In a clinical trial comparing standard formulations of Naproxen 3. Nineteen patients in the 1. Most of these adverse events were gastrointestinal events. In clinical studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and juvenile arthritis, Naproxen has been shown to be comparable to aspirin and indomethacin in controlling the aforementioned measures of disease activity, but the frequency and severity of the milder gastrointestinal adverse effects (nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn) and nervous system adverse effects (tinnitus, dizziness, lightheadedness) were less in Naproxen- treated patients than in those treated with aspirin or indomethacin. In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Naproxen has been shown to decrease night pain, morning stiffness and pain at rest. In double- blind studies the drug was shown to be as effective as aspirin, but with fewer side effects. In patients with acute gout, a favorable response to Naproxen was shown by significant clearing of inflammatory changes (e. Naproxen has been studied in patients with mild to moderate pain secondary to postoperative, orthopedic, postpartum episiotomy and uterine contraction pain and dysmenorrhea. Onset of pain relief can begin within 1 hour in patients taking Naproxen. Analgesic effect was shown by such measures as reduction of pain intensity scores, increase in pain relief scores, decrease in numbers of patients requiring additional analgesic medication, and delay in time to remedication. The analgesic effect has been found to last for up to 1. Naproxen may be used safely in combination with gold salts and/or corticosteroids; however, in controlled clinical trials, when added to the regimen of patients receiving corticosteroids, it did not appear to cause greater improvement over that seen with corticosteroids alone. Whether Naproxen has a “steroid- sparing” effect has not been adequately studied. When added to the regimen of patients receiving gold salts, Naproxen did result in greater improvement. Its use in combination with salicylates is not recommended because there is evidence that aspirin increases the rate of excretion of Naproxen and data are inadequate to demonstrate that Naproxen and aspirin produce greater improvement over that achieved with aspirin alone. In addition, as with other NSAIDs, the combination may result in higher frequency of adverse events than demonstrated for either product alone. In 5. 1Cr blood loss and gastroscopy studies with normal volunteers, daily administration of 1. Naproxen has been demonstrated to cause statistically significantly less gastric bleeding and erosion than 3. The hepatic and renal tolerability of long- term Naproxen administration was studied in two double- blind clinical trials involving 5. Of the patients studied, 9. Naproxen was administered at doses of 3. Transient abnormalities of laboratory tests assessing hepatic and renal function were noted in some patients, although there were no differences noted in the occurrence of abnormal values among different age groups. Practice Essentials, Overview, Etiology of Infertility. A consultation once the evaluation has been completed is imperative. A treatment plan should be generated according to the diagnosis, duration of infertility, and the woman's age. If pregnancy has not been established within a reasonable time, further evaluation and/or an alternative treatment plan should be considered. Treatment of Cervical Factors. Chronic cervicitis may be treated with antibiotics. Reduced secretion of cervical mucus due to destruction of the endocervical glands by previous cervical conization, freezing, or laser vaporization responds poorly to low- dose estrogen therapy. The easiest and most successful treatment is intrauterine insemination (IUI). Cervical insemination has almost been abandoned because of its low success and has been relegated only to cases in which the sperm count is normal, such as in artificial insemination using donor sperm or if the sample has elevated white cells. For intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedures, the removal of certain components of the ejaculate (ie, seminal fluid, excess cellular debris, leukocytes, morphologically abnormal sperm) with the retention of the motile fraction of sperm is desirable. For most specimens, the greatest recovery of the motile portion results from separation via centrifugal filtration through a discontinuous density gradient system. However, for certain very poor specimens with low original concentrations of motile sperm, the use of the gradient system results in such a negligible recovery as to render it useless. The recourse for these specimens is to remove the seminal fluid by successive media washes. A small number of specimens have acceptable original concentrations of motile sperm but poor recoveries with the gradient system. These specimens benefit most from layering a washed pellet of sperm with nutrient media and allowing the motile fraction to swim up into the media before being separated. Intrauterine insemination is performed during a natural cycle or after ovulation induction with CC or gonadotropins. The procedure is performed 3. LH surge or 3. 6 hours after the administration of 1. U of h. CG (human chorionic gonadotropin). After injection of the sperm, the patient remains in the recumbent position for 1. The average pregnancy rate achieved after a natural- cycle intrauterine insemination is 8%. The rate increases to 1. CC ovulation induction and to 1. MG/h. CG ovulation induction. Of the successful pregnancies, 8. Homologous insemination refers to the use of sperm from the patient's partner. Heterologous or therapeutic insemination, formerly called artificial insemination by donor sperm, refers to the use of frozen sperm that has been quarantined for at least 6 months. A cumulative pregnancy rate of 8. Treatment of Uterine Factors. Until in vitro fertilization became available, a patient with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (Rokitansky- K. Today, it is feasible by using a surrogate mother or gestational carrier. Once patients desire to have children, they proceed with stimulation of the ovaries, oocyte aspiration, and in vitro fertilization, but the embryos are transferred to a gestational carrier (see In Vitro Fertilization). The treatment of uterine malformations depends on the severity of the problem. Fertility is not an issue for some patients affected by DES, and they remain undiagnosed until they have an abnormal Papanicolaou test result. Those who do have fertility problems are treated according to the following guidelines: . Patients with this type of uterus can have a normal term pregnancy. Most problems are related to premature labor and pregnancy loss. Unicornuate uterus is associated with renal abnormalities including absence of a kidney or presence of a pelvic kidney; this occurs in 1. Thus, an intravenous pyelogram must be performed once this diagnosis is made. Whether interventions before conception or early in pregnancy, such as resection of the rudimentary horn and prophylactic cervical cerclage, decidedly improve obstetrical outcomes is uncertain; however, current practice suggests that such interventions may be helpful. Women presenting with a history of this anomaly should be considered high- risk obstetrical patients. A bicornuate uterus can be associated with a history of recurrent miscarriages, and its repair is indicated only if other etiologies for the miscarriage have been excluded (see Surgical intervention below). Arcuate uterus. In general, an arcuate uterus does not cause infertility. Whether it should be corrected in cases of primary infertility is controversial. Septate uterus. The hypothesis that a uterine septum can cause infertility is controversial. Advising surgery in cases of primary infertility is difficult. The avascular nature of the septum is theorized to interfere with implantation and maintenance of the embryo. Surgical Intervention. Uterine anomalies can be corrected through operative hysteroscopy under general anesthesia or conscious sedation. Furthermore, laparoscopy assists in the differential diagnosis between a septate and a bicornuate uterus. A bicornuate uterus is characterized by the presence of an indentation at the fundus. The 2 techniques are the Strassman metroplasty and the Jones metroplasty. The Strassman metroplasty consists of performing an incision at the fundus of the uterus between both cornual areas and closing the defect with an anteroposterior suture. The Jones metroplasty consists of resecting the septum using an anteroposterior wedge incision and closing the defect in the same direction (see the images below). The surgery is performed during the early follicular phase. Once the synechiae have been resected, leaving an intrauterine balloon for 7 days is advisable to prevent a recurrence of adhesions. The patient should receive prophylactic antibiotics and uterine relaxants (eg, ibuprofen) during these 7 days to prevent infection and balloon expulsion, respectively. The patient should be prescribed high- dose estradiol (5 mg qd for 2. A postoperative HSG should be performed 2 months later. In many instances, more than one hysteroscopy is required for total resection. Endometrial polyps. Endometrial polyps are removed through operative hysteroscopy associated with a dilatation and curettage, if necessary. An HSG follow- up procedure is not necessary. To prevent further polyp development associated with anovulation, the patient should have withdrawal bleeding at least every 6 weeks. Myoma treatment. In general, small and asymptomatic myomas do not require treatment, but the patient should be periodically monitored. Fibroids should be treated if they are associated with abnormal uterine bleeding or if they are thought to be the cause of infertility. Three modalities are used to treat myomas: medical treatment, surgical treatment, and embolization. Medical treatment is a temporary treatment, ideally used for patients who are close to menopause or who are risky surgical candidates. However, medical treatment can be used to reduce the myoma size prior to removal. The 3 classes of surgical techniques are conventional laparotomy, operative laparoscopy, and operative hysteroscopy, as follows: Laparotomy: This technique is indicated for large myomas, for submucous myomas larger than 3 cm in diameter, or for myomas that, regardless of being submucous, have a portion of the myoma that compromises the myometrium so that a complete resection through the hysteroscopy is not feasible. This technique should be reserved for myomas with a diameter less than 6 cm. To avoid this complication, the circulating nurse must record the amount of distention fluid injected and the amount recovered in the suction device. If a deficit of greater than 1 L is recorded, the procedure should be terminated, and, preferably, the myomectomy should be completed in a second hysteroscopic attempt. The patient's electrolyte levels must be checked to consider the need for diuretics. Uterine synechiae development is a potential complication after the surgery; therefore, a postoperative HSG should be part of follow- up care. The procedure is performed by interventional radiology and requires overnight admission for the patient. Before surgery, the HSG films and results of previous laparoscopies should be thoroughly reviewed to decide on the type of surgical technique that is required and to explain to the patient the expected degree of success and risks involved with the procedure. Tubal obstruction and lysis of adhesions can be corrected through laparotomy, operative laparoscopy, and, in special circumstances, through operative hysteroscopy and tubal cannulation. Laparotomy is indicated in patients with severe pelvic adhesions that compromise the bowel, ovaries, and tubes, with obliteration of the cul- de- sac. Blunt dissection should be avoided. Constant irrigation with Ringer lactate solution and heparin prevents fibrin formation. Meticulous hemostasis is imperative. Fimbrioplasty for fimbria agglutination or phimosis without destruction of the cilial epithelium is equally successful. The incidence rate of ectopic pregnancy after surgery is in the range of 5%. Treatment of hydrosalpinx (distal tubal obstruction) with salpingostomy can be performed through microsurgery or operative laparoscopy. No difference in the pregnancy rate occurs if a skillful microsurgeon or laparoscopist performs the salpingostomy. The success of the procedure is related to the diameter of the hydrosalpinx and to the damage to the cilial epithelium. If the cilial epithelium has been destroyed, the outcome of the procedure is poor, and it is better to perform a salpingectomy in preparation for future IVF. The pregnancy rate fluctuates from 2. Before treating cornual obstruction, the diagnosis should be confirmed. In many cases, cornual obstruction diagnosed on HSG represents simple cornual spasm. Wildlife Online - Natural History of Red Deer. Content. Updated: 2. April 2. 01. 0The Red deer has a long history in. Britain – one of only two native deer species in the UK, it’s a beast. Renowned Scottish artist Archibald Thorburn summed up the. British Mammals, in which he wrote. Red deer “is unquestionably the grandest wild animal we now. British Islands.” That which follows is a summary of. Red deer natural history. Certain aspects of the natural history common. A summary of the. Britain’s. deer species can be found elsewhere on this site. Taxonomy: Deer classification is a contentious subject, with. Nonetheless, there is agreement that the majority. The. Cervidae holds two subfamilies: the Old World deer of the Cervinae and. New World deer of the Capreolinae. Within the Cervinae sit two. Cervini (“true deer”) and the Muntiancini (muntjacs). It is. the Cervini tribe that interests us here – it contains four genera. Axis; Dama; Rucervus; and Cervus, which holds the Red deer in its. We now arrive at something of a taxonomical minefield! Cervus is, to say the least, a contentious genus and there is much. I have opted to follow the bulk of the. Cervus genus (1. 2 if recent molecular data are confirmed – see. I should mention that the close relationship between members of. Cervus means that there is apparently a terrific potential for. Fertile hybrids of Sika (C. Indeed, it’s worth remembering that what happens in. The majority of Cervus species have been fairly well defined, but. Red deer. should be considered the same, or distinct, species. The wapiti range. North America and eastern Asia and are superficially. Red deer of Europe and Asia (an area collectively termed. Eurasia”). Consequently, many scientists prefer to think of Cervus. Red deer. In 1. 80. Pennsylvanian- born naturalist and physician. Benjamin Smith Barton suggested that North American elk and Red deer. Europe were sufficiently different to be considered different. North American elk. Since then, the wapiti has been the subject of much. Cervus. canadensis, and a subspecies of Red deer (Cervus elaphus canadensis). However, in. their review of the situation in 1. Patrick Lowe and Andrew Gardiner. A Western Red Deer, or Wapiti, (Cervus. In 2. 00. 1, Instituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica (Italy). Ettore Randi and four colleagues published a study in the. Animal Conservation supporting the idea that European Red deer. North American animals. The study looked at. DNA (mt. DNA) sequences from 1. Cervus genus) and found that the wapiti formed a clade, as distinct. European Red deer, which is nestled with the Sika deer (Cervus. In their summary, the researchers wrote: “Cervus elaphus includes two divergent clades that must be referred. European elaphoid deer) and canadensis (Eurasian. North American wapitoid deer).”A large study, published in the journal. Molecular Phylogenetics and. Evolution during 2. Technical University Munich- Weihenstephan (in. Germany) taxonomist Christian Ludt and three colleagues, looked at a. DNA of 5. 1 populations of deer spanning. Cervus. The geneticists found that they could. Cervus. and several subspecies) and a western group (containing. Cervus elaphus), which split from each other about 7 million years ago. With Cervus. removed from the equation, we’re left with our species of. The European Red deer, Cervus elaphus (henceforth. Red deer). Red deer, as we currently think of them, may actually be as many as. Christian Pitra and his colleagues published in the journal Molecular. Phylogentics and Evolution during 2. I won’t go into much detail. Dr Pitra and his team. Red deer from Central Asia and. North Africa and Corsica- Sardinia may represent species as. Cervus elaphus (Cervus yarkandensis and Cervus corsicanus. The findings of Dr Pitra and his colleagues require. The terrific variation observed in Red deer throughout their range. In his. Whitehead Encyclopedia of Deer, G Kenneth Whitehead lists 1. I’ve come across is 2. Cervus elaphus. hippelaphus (the Carpathian Red from central Europe), Cervus elaphus. Spain and Portugal), Cervus elaphus atlanticus (Norway) and. The variations between these subspecies range. Carpathian stags, for example, may. Corsican Red (Cervus. Red stags in Britain and Norway sport thick, dark neck manes, while. Spain fail to develop any trace of a mane. Coat colour and differences in the size and shape of the antlers are. Consequently, the subspecific division of the Red deer remains. I don’t wish to get too tied up in the debates. I will briefly cover the. Britain: Cervus elaphus scoticus. A Scottish Red deer stag, often. Cervus elaphus scoticus. In 1. 90. 6, Swedish zoologist Axel L. In. his appraisal, Dr L. However, more recently, several. Scottish Red as a valid. In a major review of Red deer taxonomy published in the. Journal of Zoology during 1. Patrick Lowe and Andrew Gardiner found. C. Generally- speaking, it is. Drs Lowe and Gardiner examined the skulls of 1. Red deer listed by John Ellerman and Sir Charles. Morrison- Scott in their 1. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals. The. taxonomists did find evidence for two distinct, yet “visually. Overall, the biologists failed to find support for more. Red deer in northern Europe, the type. Cervus elaphus elaphus and in their conclusion they wrote: “None of the features of the skull measured for this study support. Genetic data have contributed greatly to our understanding of. In a 1. 98. 3 paper to the journal Heredity, Ulf Gyllensten and. Britain, Germany. Norway and Sweden. Dr Gyllensten and his team found what they called “a. British and Norwegian deer on the one. Swedish and German deer on the other. In other words, scoticus. This would suggest that even if all four subspecies aren’t. Swedish/German and. British/Norwegian deer. More recently, Christian Ludt and his team presented their data from. In addition to the. German biologists (see above), they. C. Conversely, Dr Pitra and his team found more. C. Unfortunately. I am aware, at the time of writing this is as far as the. Despite the conflicting data, many authors consider that the. Red deer in Britain are represented by a few. Cervus elaphus scoticus residing on the Scottish. England. Overall, I feel it is. Consequently, the following classification. Red deer. throughout their range (including the UK). While I have split out the. Red deer, the remainder of this overview will draw on. Red deer from throughout their range, irrespective. British populations where available. Similarly I will attempt to refer. With that in mind, the current taxonomy of this species is as follows: Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)Phylum: Chordata (Possess a basic. Class: Mammalia (Mammals)Order: Artiodactyla (. As. David Macdonald and Priscilla Barrett point out in their Field Guide to. Mammals of Britain and Europe, measurements of deer vary. The mammalogists also note that there is a distinct. North America), although if one. Indeed, in his Deer of the World, Valerius Geist. Red and wapiti deer form a gradual cline to be. Overall, there is tremendous variation in size across their. At the lower end of the size range is. Corsican Red deer, which typically weigh in at 8. Carpathian Mountains sit at the other end of. Adult Red deer in the UK and Europe are usually between 1. Both sexes possess a tail of between 1. In the wild, adult Red stags generally weigh in at between 9. Weight at any given time is. Individuals. from England, especially English parks and deciduous woodland, are often. Scotland. The. reason for this size disparity seems to be related to the amount of food. A study by a team of. Rowett Research Institute in Aberdeen, published in. British Journal of Nutrition during 1. Feeding) concluded: “On Scottish hills deer reach a size appropriate to their environment. Back to Menu)Colour: Red deer have a. May- time and is typically complete by late July or. August – the hair is a fairly consistent red- brown colour along. During September, a longer. The winter coat is. Similarly, stags in some regions develop a mane during the. The colour of. the fur on the underside varies from off- white to yellowish or grey and. The overall colour of the animal may. Red deer residing between the Black and. Caspian seas (the Caspian Red deer), for example, have a more. Europe. Newborn deer are spotted for the first. Calves undergo two moults in their first year: the. Older stags and those in better condition generally begin and. In his Whitehead. Encyclopaedia of Deer, Kenneth Whitehead notes that white morphs of the. Red deer have been preserved in deer parks, most notably Kinmonth in. Perthshire, Charborough in Dorset, Woburn in Bedfordshire and Zleby in. Czechoslovakia. It seems that entirely or predominantly white. Scottish deer forests, Scotland’s Corrie Ba and on the Quantocks. Devon. There are also various legends, superstitions and stories. David I of. Scotland, who was apparently almost killed by a white stag in 1. Island of. Arran off Scotland’s west coast – unfortunately, the stag became too. Head Keeper in December. Colour variations may also take the form of “bald- faced” or. Additionally, in their. Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th Edition. Brian Staines, Jochen Langbein and Tim Burkitt mention that the summer. Indeed, it seems that pure white. Deer, Norma Chapman notes that. Cervus elaphus have been documented, they are. Interestingly, none of the aforementioned authors make. They are also found in Norway, southern Sweden. Latvia and Estonia, and throughout Turkey into northern Iran. Georgia into southern Russia and west to Crimea. There are. smaller populations in Spain, southwest France, west Italy and. Yugoslavia. Red are the only deer species that inhabit Africa, where. Atlas Mountains in the north of the. This species is generally absent from Mediterranean islands. Corsica and Sardinia. Outside of Eurasia, this. South America as well as New. Zealand and Australia. In the UK, Red deer are most abundant in the Scottish Highlands and. Outer Hebrides - - where they are still considered . Within England, there are. Lake District (Cumberland and Westmorland).
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